Based on formal arguments from Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory we develop the environment for explaining and resolving certain fundamental problems in physics. By these formal tools we show that any quantum system defined by an infinite dimensional Hilbert space of states interferes with the spacetime structure M. M and the quantum system both gain additional degrees of freedom, given by models of Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory. In particular, M develops the ground state where classical gravity vanishes. Quantum mechanics distinguishes set-theoretic random forcing (...) such that M and gravitational degrees of freedom are parameterized by extended real line. The large scale smooth geometry compatible with the forcing extensions is one of exotic smoothness structures of \. The amoeba forcing makes the old real line to have Lebesgue measure zero in the extended one. We apply the entire procedure to the cosmological constant problem, especially to discard the zero-modes contributions to the gravitational vacuum density. Moreover, there exists certain exotic smooth \ from which one determines the realistic, agreeing with observation, small value of the vacuum energy density. (shrink)

In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:Reviewed by:The Historian L. Calpurnius Piso Frugi and the Roman Annalistic TraditionJ. LinderskiGary Forsythe. The Historian L. Calpurnius Piso Frugi and the Roman Annalistic Tradition. Lanham, MD, New York, and London: University Press of America, 1994. viii + 552 pp. Cloth.L. Calpurnius Piso, consul in 133, censor in 120, and a writer of history, should be pleased: this is a learned monograph. First, a computation. In the standard edition (...) by H. Peter, Historicorum Romanorum Reliquiae (2d ed., Lipsiae 1914) the extant forty-five fragments of the Annales of Piso cover twenty pages (118–37; in fact much less: a substantial space, more than one-third, is taken by the testimonia and apparatus printed at the bottom of each page). Forsythe’s monograph runs (excluding indices, bibliography and the edition of the fragments) to 408 pages. This amounts to about thirty or so pages of discussion for one page of Piso; if we applied the same method to an author partially or fully extant, for example Livy, the first five books of Livy which cover in the Oxford edition 381 pages would have required a modern work of over eleven thousand pages. For the sake of a further comparison we may note that the standard commentary on the first pentad of Livy (by R. M. Ogilvie [Oxford 1965]) contains 774 pages (the ratio is 2.03 : 1, but the pages of the commentary are larger, and so the real ratio is in the neighborhood of 3 : 1), and it is a very erudite commentary. This demonstrates vividly that the book de Pisone rerum scriptore must be concerned with something more than just Piso; nor can it be just a commentary on the fragments for even the most extensive commentary could not by any stretch of the imagination have reached this prodigious length.The subtitle informs us that the subject of the book is not only Calpurnius Piso but also “the Roman Annalistic Tradition”; thus Piso, his Annales, and the historiographic background. Unfortunately the book lacks an introduction in which the author would have set forth his goals and charted the way of achieving them. The text itself plunges directly into Piso’s political career (1–24), and then turns to a discussion of the Annales as a work of history and literature (25–73), and finally to a minute analysis of each fragment (75–408). The book is rounded off by a new edition of the testimonia and fragmenta (409–97), and by an extensive bibliography and index (499–552).Chapter 1. The Calpurnii Pisones were treated in the RE by F. Münzer, a great authority, but his article is very brief. Hence a full treatment of the historian’s family is welcome. The question arises whether it is necessary in a book about historiography. Furthermore some interpretations are questionable: the idea (3–7) that the mission (in 210–209) of a forebear of the historian, C. Piso, to secure for Rome Etruria and the Etruscan grain was somehow connected with his cognomen Piso (which Roman grammarians explained as derived from pinsere, “to grind grain”) will strike many as far-fetched. A similar conceit crops up on p. 21: Piso’s concern over the agrarian law of C. Gracchus “should perhaps be viewed in the context of his family’s possible involvement with milling and the state grain supply. The family’s surname meant ‘mortar’.” This borders on the [End Page 329] ridiculous—in an otherwise sober account. It is also awkward to speak of “the Lex Acilia of C. Gracchus” (23). There are good points too: the explanation of the origins of the lex Calpurnia de repetundis in terms of Roman clientela is very well taken indeed (15–16). Forsythe may also be right in rejecting M. Crawford’s interpretation of the coin Roman Republican Coinage (Cambridge 1974) no. 418 as indicating Piso’s pontificate.Chapter 2 deals with Piso’s education and with his work. It contains a good discussion of Piso’s personal surname Frugi, of his character, of Greek influences on the method of argumentation in his Annales, and of Piso’s Greek and Latin sources. The truly detective work to establish the... (shrink)

Problem republikanizmu należy do zespołu problemów polityki, którymi Kant zajął się już pod koniec życia. Rozwój i doskonalenie się człowieka nie mieści się w działaniu ludzkiej natury, która jest niezmienna, ale w osobowym działaniu wolności. Ostatecznym tego celem jest wieczny pokój. Warunkiem zaś rozwoju i osiągnięcia celu najwyższego jest zbudowanie ustroju republikańskiego. Kant pokazuje to m.in. na przykładzie rewolucji francuskiej. Choć jest zdecydowanym przeciwnikiem każdej rewolucji, ze względu na sposoby jej realizacji, to w tym przypadku jej skutki ocenia pozytywnie, gdyż (...) wyraziło się w niej prawo narodu do swobodnego nadania sobie ustroju obywatelskiego prawego i uznanego za dobry, jakim jest ustrój republikański. Ustrój republikański jest najlepszy ze wszystkich i określa formę państwa oraz ważniejszą od niej formę rządu, charakteryzującą się rozdzieleniem władz ustawodawczych i wykonawczych oraz trzema istotnymi zasadami: 1) zasadą wolności wszystkich obywateli; 2) zasadą zależności wszystkich od wspólnego prawa; 3) zasadą równości obywateli. (shrink)

Le sujet du martyre des greco-catholiques des régions Chełm et Polasie a été abordé par tels écrivains que: M. Konopnicka, J. Weyssenhoff et S. Żeromski. Reymont a décrit la question des greco-catholiques en commenęant par le récit La Mère en 1902, puis dans le reportage Du Sol de Chełm jusqu'au roman La Jugée. Dans ses oeuvres il a mis en evidence ľhéroisme du peuple des regions Chełm et Podlasie.

The article juxtaposes modern skepticism stating lack of the criterion of true beliefs about transcendent reality with respect to their contents, but accepting the assumption about existence and cognoscibility of those contents on the one hand, and — after M. F. Burnyeat — ancient skepticism understood as one that questions this assumption on the other. The doubt as to existence of beliefs — resp. propositions as contents of beliefs — is a link joining ancient skeptics with Wittgenstein. Their skepticism is (...) not - as modern skepticism - an epistemological position, but an ontological one — nominalism — questioning existence of universals that are the conditions of meaning and hence the conditions of truth of propositions. This is why the ancient dispute concerning the truth was in fact a dispute over the problem of universals, i.e. over existence of constant rules deciding which ways of connecting the subject and the predicate in a proposition are right and which are not. Realists referred to such rules, sophists denied their existence, and skeptics stated that without having such a rule at their disposal they do not ha-.: a basis for deciding the dispute between realists and sophists. This does not have much to do either with so-called correspondence concept of the truth or with the modern understanding of conceptual realism talking about \"ideal paradigms\" or \"common properties\" of things. Today\'s typologies of philosophical positions do not fit antiquity. Ch. S. Peirce\'s and D. Armstrong\'s arguments lead to the conclusion that Plato was a... nominalist in the modern meaning of the world. P. T. Geach\'s and N. Wolterstorff s analyses allow stating the same about St Thomas Aquinas. This places under the question mark the statement that the latter could be an advocate of the generally ascribed to him correspondence theory of truth, which also cannot be derived from Aristotle\'s philosophy without any doubts. (shrink)

A theoretical analysis of the concept of lifetime and mean life of unstable elementary particles is presented. New analytic formulas for lifetime and mean life as a function of decay width Γ and the mass of unstable particle are derived for Breit-Wigner and Matthews-Salam energy distributions. It is demonstrated that, for unstable particles with a larger width or decay energy threshold, the deviation from the generally accepted mean life τ m =Γ −1 is significant. The behavior of the decay law (...) P(t) for small times is analyzed, and it is shown that the Breit-Wigner distribution violates the condition P(t = 0) = 0, whereas the Matthews-Salam distribution satisfies it. (shrink)

It follows from the proved theorems that ifM π=〈Q, ϕ〉 (whereQ={0,q 1,q 2,...,q α}) is a machine of the classM F then there exist α machinesM πi such thatM πi(〈1,c〉)=M π(〈q i,c〉) andQ i={0, 1, 2, ..., α+1} (i=1, 2, ..., α).And thus, if the way in which to an initial function of content of memoryc∈C a machine assigns a final onec′∈C is regarded as the only essential property of the machine then we can deal with the machines of the (...) formM π=〈{0, 1, 2, ..., α}, ϕ〉 and processes π(t) (wheret=〈1,c〉,c∈C) only.Such approach can simplify the problem of defining particular machines of the classM F , composing and simplifying them. (shrink)

Quantum mechanics (QM) predicts probabilities on the fundamental level which are, via Born probability law, connected to the formal randomness of infinite sequences of QM outcomes. Recently it has been shown that QM is algorithmic 1-random in the sense of Martin–Löf. We extend this result and demonstrate that QM is algorithmic $$\omega$$ -random and generic, precisely as described by the ’miniaturisation’ of the Solovay forcing to arithmetic. This is extended further to the result that QM becomes Zermelo–Fraenkel Solovay random on (...) infinite-dimensional Hilbert spaces. Moreover, it is more likely that there exists a standard transitive ZFC model M, where QM is expressed in reality, than in the universe V of sets. Then every generic quantum measurement adds to M the infinite sequence, i.e. random real $$r\in 2^{\omega }$$, and the model undergoes random forcing extensions M[r]. The entire process of forcing becomes the structural ingredient of QM and parallels similar constructions applied to spacetime in the quantum limit, therefore showing the structural resemblance of both in this limit. We discuss several questions regarding measurability and possible practical applications of the extended Solovay randomness of QM. The method applied is the formalization based on models of ZFC; however, this is particularly well-suited technique to recognising randomness questions of QM. When one works in a constant model of ZFC or in axiomatic ZFC itself, the issues considered here remain hidden to a great extent. (shrink)

W studium dokonano rekonstrukcji i analizy procesu pisania dwóch opowiadań Włodzimierza Odojewskiego (1930–2016) powstałych w latach 1976–1993. Autor bada bruliony (rękopisy i maszynopisy) przechowywane w archiwum pisarza na Wydziale Filologii Polskiej i Klasycznej UAM w Poznaniu. Praca nad dokumentacją genezy opowiadań odbywa się przy pomocy narzędzi zaproponowanych przez francuskich genetyków tekstu (P-M. de Biasi, J. Bellemin Noël) i amerykańskiego badacza J. Bryanta (pojęcie płynnego tekstu /fluid text/). Analiza dotyczy wybranych skupisk zmian w brulionach utworów Odojewskiego – redakcje tytułu, początkowych akapitów, (...) a także skreślenia, poprawki, uzupełnienia. Punktem dojścia studium jest stwierdzenie, że toku długotrwałego aktu twórczego pisarz dąży do konstrukcji, które w sposób maksymalnie precyzyjny oddają niuanse stanów psychicznych bohaterów oraz scenerii akcji opowiadań. Akt twórczy w wykonaniu Odojewskiego jest przykładem niestabilności pisania, którego efektem są kreacje płynnych postaci. (shrink)

Lo studio che presentiamo si muove nell'ambito personaHstico e piu particolarmente nel'ambito del personalismo sviluppato in Polonia sulla base dell'influsso che ha avuto J. Maritain. Come accenna R. Buttiglione, in Polonia si ritrovano due correnti principali del tomismo rinnovato sulla base dell'influsso del personalismo: la prima e la corrente del tomismo tradizionale e la seconda e la corrente del tomismo esistenziale. Il piu eminente rappresentante della prima corrente e M. A. Krąpiec che sviluppa il concetto del tomismo tradizionale, chiamato da (...) R. Buttiglione il tomismo trascendentale. Secondo R. Buttiglione questa sarebbe l'ala piu conservatrice del rinnovamento tomistico in Polonia. Invece il rappresentante piu eminente della seconda corrente piu progressista nello sviluppo tomistico in Polonia era K. Wojtyla, l'attuale Sommo Pontefice Giovanni Paolo II. Questa corrente che sviluppava il tomismo esistenziale, si caratterizzava per la possibilita di rinnovare il tomismo o il personalismo tomista con le filosofie moderne e particolarmente con la fenomenologia. (shrink)

Recently in the pages of The Classical Quarterly Mathias Hanses convincingly demonstrated the existence of a fourth occurrence of the programmatic adjective λεπτός in Aratus, Phaen. 783–7. This new example occurs in the form of a diagonal acrostic alongside the known ‘gamma-acrostic’ and the occurrence of the same form of the adjective in line 784. Jerzy Danielewicz has now proposed yet a fifth instance of λεπτή in the form of an acronym spread over two lines and meant to be (...) read anticlockwise. (shrink)

Jerzy Braun formulated the principles of unionism in forty five points constituting a concise, twenty-four-page manifesto entitled “Unionism. Basic Principles”. The text was published anonymously by a conspiratorial publishing in 1943. After over fifty years, on the initiative of All-Poland Club of Lithuania’s Lovers, it was reprinted—this time with the author’s name and lengthy explanations.My main objective is the analysis and interpretation of Braun’s text.Unionism, according to Braun, does not mean separatism, it is a principle and attitude based on (...) integrating values that deserves definite ethics according to which activity directly derives from “voluntary accepted commitments”. Braun neither questions nor overestimates fight. Unionism means dialogue, agreement, but also this type of rivalry that remains in contradiction to a well-known saying “homo homini lupus est”. Unionism perceived as universalism, allows, according to the words of a romantic poet, “to differ beautifully”.The first part of the unionist principles comprises philosophical considerations inspired with the thought of Józef M. Hoene-Wroński. They constitute an introduction to more specific problems concerning the social and political life in the future Poland. Braun paid a lot of attention to “ideocratic” system in which emphasis moves from “persons, dynasties, reason of state to ideas”. He stressed the importance of economic and cultural dynamism, though economic achievement, in his opinion, should only serve the development of culture. The final parts of the unionist program present the necessity to unify the world in which Poland will find her proper position. (shrink)

Human fascination with art has deep evolutionary roots, yet its role remains a puzzle for evolutionary theory. Although its widespread presence across cultures suggests a potential adaptive function, determining its evolutionary origins requires more comprehensive evidence beyond mere universality or assumed survival benefits. This paper introduces and tests the Collector Hypothesis, which suggests that artworks serve as indicators of collectors’ surplus wealth and social status, offering greater benefits to collectors than to artists in mating and reproductive contexts. Our study among (...) Indigenous Papuan communities provides preliminary support for the Collector Hypothesis, indicating that, compared to artists, collectors are perceived as having higher social status and greater attractiveness to women. These findings provide unique insights into Papuan communities and contribute to the ongoing discussion about art’s adaptive significance of art by suggesting that artistic capacities may benefit not only creators but also those who accumulate and display art. Further research in diverse cultural contexts is needed for a comprehensive understanding of this interplay. (shrink)

On behaviour as interpreted in the philosophy of Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad Miskawayh, d. 1030.